Recombinant polypeptide production methods

ABSTRACT

Herein is reported a method for producing a fusion-polypeptide comprising the seeps of a) cultivating a mammalian cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a variant fusion-polypeptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the fusion-polypeptide has been modified by replacing in a pro-fusion-polypeptide the endogenous protease cleavage site between the pro-peptide and the fusion-polypeptide with an exogenous (with respect to the origins of the parts of the fusion-polypeptide) or artificial protease cleavage site, and b) recovering the fusion-polypeptide or fusion-pro-polypeptide from the cell or the cultivation median and thereby producing the (recombinant) fusion-polypeptide.

Herein are reported methods for amongst other things increasing the yield of biologically active recombinantly produced polypeptides.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Today most biopharmaceuticals are produced in animal (mammalian) cells, which usually secrete the recombinant polypeptide of interest with high efficiency, quality and appropriate post-translational (secondary) modifications (such as e.g. glycosylation) into the cultivation medium. However, some fusion polypeptides, especially complex fusion polypeptides, polypeptides with low solubility or folding difficulties, as well as polypeptides interacting with the cell expressing it are often obtained at very low yields.

For example, antibodies are usually expressed in mammalian cells with high efficiency in biologically active form. However, fusion polypeptides comprising an antibody, e.g. green fluorescent protein (GFP) antibody conjugates, are expressed and/or secreted not at all, although such proteins would be highly interesting for experimental and diagnostic approaches (see e.g. WO 2011/135040).

In certain cases difficult to express polypeptides can be produced as soluble secreted inactive precursor proteins e.g. so called zymogens in the case of proteases which can be matured afterwards in vitro e.g. by proteolytic activation. In other cases polypeptides, which are detrimental for a specific host cell, can be expressed as inactive insoluble protein aggregates within the cell (inclusion bodies (IBs)) and afterwards refolded in vitro. However the processing of pro-polypeptides can be difficult or not possible at all. Moreover, the obtained mature polypeptides do not contain all posttranslational modifications.

Examples of poorly expressed polypeptides are neurotrophic factors like NGF, BDNF, GDNF and NT-3 (see e.g. Xia, Ch.-F., J. Gene Med. 10 (2008) 306-315; Boado, R. J., Pharm. Res. 24 (2007) 1772-1787; Negro, A., et al., J. Neurochem. 62 (1994) 471-478).

In WO 2008/005847 a method of producing factor viii proteins by recombinant methods is reported. Peptide extended glycosylated polypeptides are reported in WO 02/02597. In WO 2007/044323 fusion proteins for blood-brain barrier delivery are reported. Nerve cell growth modulators (amphibodies) are reported in WO 00/64482. In WO 2012/087835 are reported compositions and methods for enhancing protein folding. Stable and soluble antibodies inhibiting TNFalpha are reported in WO 2006/131013. In WO 00/23473 interferon-beta fusion proteins and uses are reported.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Herein are reported methods for improving the production process of a recombinantly produced polypeptide.

The improvement can be e.g. an increased yield, a more robust production process, a more simple process, and/or a reduced complexity during downstream processing.

It has to be pointed out that the improvement is achieved without impairing the biophysical and/or biochemical properties and/or biological function of the polypeptide. In certain cases one or more of these properties are even improved.

In a first aspect reported herein is that it has been found that by the introduction of one or more glycosylation sites the recombinant production of a polypeptide in a mammalian cell can be improved.

One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a mammalian cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding         a variant polypeptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the         polypeptide has been modified by i) one or more mutations of         surface located amino acid residues resulting in a lower         isoelectric point of the variant polypeptide compared to the         polypeptide, and/or ii) a linker peptide connecting two         polypeptides of a fusion polypeptide, and/or iii) an N- or         C-terminally fused tag containing amino acids resulting in a         lower isoelectric point of the polypeptide,     -   recovering the recombinant variant polypeptide from the cell or         the cultivation medium and thereby producing the recombinant         polypeptide.

Thus, herein is reported a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a eukaryotic cell (in one embodiment a mammalian         cell) comprising a nucleic acid encoding a variant polypeptide         wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has been         modified to comprise one or more artificial glycosylation sites,     -   recovering the variant recombinant polypeptide from the cell or         the cultivation medium and thereby producing the recombinant         polypeptide.

One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   providing a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide,     -   modifying the nucleic acid to encode a variant polypeptide         wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has been         modified to comprise one or more artificial glycosylation sites,     -   introducing the nucleic acid into a eukaryotic cell (in one         embodiment a mammalian cell),     -   cultivating the eukaryotic cell, and     -   recovering the variant recombinant polypeptide from the cell or         the cultivation medium and thereby producing the recombinant         polypeptide.

The methods as reported herein are especially suited e.g. for polypeptides which are poorly or not at all expressed/secreted in mammalian cells.

The introduced glycosylation site(s) can be (located independently of each other) either in the polypeptide itself, or in a linker peptide connecting two polypeptides of a fusion polypeptide, or it can be a specific glycosylation-tag.

In one embodiment the polypeptide comprises a glycosylation-tag.

In one embodiment the polypeptide comprises an artificial glycosylation site. In one embodiment the artificial glycosylation site is introduced by point mutation of a surface localized amino acid.

In a second aspect it is reported herein that it has been found that by replacing in a pro-polypeptide the endogenous protease cleavage site between the pro-segment and the mature polypeptide with an exogenous (with respect to the origin of the polypeptide) or artificial protease cleavage site the yield of the mature polypeptide can be improved. This change improves the processing of the pro-polypeptide into the mature form.

Thus, one aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant pro-polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a eukaryotic cell (in one embodiment a mammalian         cell) comprising a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide as         pro-polypeptide (fusion polypeptide of a pro-segment and the         polypeptide) wherein the endogenous enzymatic cleavage site         between the pro-segment and the polypeptide is replaced by an         exogenous protease cleavage site,     -   recovering the recombinant variant polypeptide or the variant         pro-polypeptide from the cell or the cultivation medium and         thereby producing the recombinant polypeptide.

One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant pro-polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   providing a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide as         pro-polypeptide (fusion polypeptide of a pro-segment and the         polypeptide),     -   modifying the nucleic acid to encode a variant pro-polypeptide         wherein the endogenous enzymatic cleavage site between the         pro-segment and the polypeptide is replaced by an exogenous         protease cleavage site,     -   introducing the nucleic acid into a eukaryotic cell (in one         embodiment a mammalian cell),     -   cultivating the eukaryotic cell, and     -   recovering the recombinant variant polypeptide or variant         pro-polypeptide from the cell or the cultivation medium and         thereby producing the recombinant polypeptide.

In one embodiment the exogenous protease cleavage site is selected from the group comprising a plasmin cleavage site, a furin cleavage site, an IgA protease cleavage site, a TEV protease cleavage site (Tobacco Etch Virus), a Granzyme B cleavage site, a Thrombin cleavage site, a factor 10 cleavage site, an Enterokinase cleavage site, a subtilisin cleavage site, a cathepsin cleavage site, a metallo proteinase cleavage site, an IDES protease cleavage site, a PreScission protease cleavage site, or functional variants thereof. In one embodiment the exogenous protease cleavage site is an IgA protease cleavage site.

In one embodiment the cleavage of the pro-polypeptide is in the cultivation medium. In one embodiment an exogenous protease capable of cleaving the exogenous protease cleavage site is added to the cultivation medium. In one embodiment the addition is during the cultivation phase. In one embodiment the addition is after the cultivation phase.

In one embodiment the exogenous protease is co-expressed from the cell expressing the pro-polypeptide.

In one embodiment the cultivation is a co-cultivation of a cell expressing the pro-polypeptide and a cell expressing the exogenous protease.

In one embodiment the cleavage is after the separation of the cells from the cultivation medium. In one embodiment the cleavage is during downstream processing. In one embodiment the cleavage is on a chromatography column.

In a third aspect it is reported herein that it has been found that with the lowering of the isoelectric point of a polypeptide the recombinant production of the polypeptide in a mammalian cell can be improved.

Thus, one aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a eukaryotic cell (in one embodiment a mammalian         cell) comprising a nucleic acid encoding a variant polypeptide         wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has been         modified by one or more mutations of surface located amino acid         residues resulting in a lower isoelectric point of the variant         polypeptide compared to the polypeptide,     -   recovering the recombinant variant polypeptide from the cell or         the cultivation medium and thereby producing the recombinant         polypeptide.

One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   providing a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide,     -   modifying the nucleic acid to encode a variant polypeptide         wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has been         modified by one or more mutations of surface located amino acid         residues resulting in a lower isoelectric point of the variant         polypeptide compared to the polypeptide,     -   introducing the nucleic acid into a eukaryotic cell (in one         embodiment a mammalian cell),     -   cultivating the eukaryotic cell, and     -   recovering the recombinant variant polypeptide from the cell or         the cultivation medium and thereby producing the recombinant         polypeptide.

In one embodiment the polypeptide has an isoelectric point above 9 (high isoelectric point, basic isoelectric point) and the variant polypeptide has an isoelectric point that is 0.5 or more pH units lower (more acidic) compared to the (parent/wild-type) polypeptide.

In one embodiment the polypeptide is a neutrophin/neurotrophic factor.

In one embodiment the isoelectric point is lowered by the introduction of a negatively charged moiety.

In one embodiment the negatively charged moiety is a linker peptide.

In one embodiment the negatively charged moiety is a surface localized amino acid residue. In one embodiment one or more basic amino acid residue(s) is(are) replaced by neutral hydrophilic amino acid residue(s) and/or acidic amino acid residue(s) or combinations thereof.

In a fourth aspect it is reported herein that it has been found that by adjusting linker peptide length and connectivity the recombinant production of a fusion polypeptide in a eukaryotic cell, such as e.g. a mammalian cell, can be improved.

Thus, one aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a (recombinant) fusion-polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a eukaryotic cell (in one embodiment a mammalian         cell) comprising a nucleic acid encoding the fusion-polypeptide,     -   recovering the (recombinant) fusion-polypeptide from the cell or         the cultivation medium and thereby producing the (recombinant)         fusion-polypeptide.

In one embodiment one part of the fusion polypeptide is a neurotrophin and the other part of the fusion polypeptide is an antibody or antibody fragment.

In a fifth aspect it is reported herein that it has been found that

-   -   i) by the introduction of one or more glycosylation sites,         and/or     -   ii) by replacing in a pro-polypeptide the endogenous protease         cleavage site between the pro-segment and the polypeptide with         an exogenous (with respect to the origins of the parts of the         fusion-polypeptide) or artificial protease cleavage site, and/or     -   iii) by lowering of the isoelectric point of the polypeptide,         and/or     -   iv) by adjusting linker peptide length, connectivity and charge,

the recombinant production of the polypeptide in a mammalian cell can be improved.

Thus, one aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a (recombinant) (fusion-)polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a eukaryotic cell (in one embodiment a mammalian         cell) comprising a nucleic acid encoding a variant         (fusion-)polypeptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the         (fusion-)polypeptide has been modified         -   i) by the introduction of one or more artificial             glycosylation sites, and/or         -   ii) by replacing in a pro-(fusion-)polypeptide the             endogenous protease cleavage site between the pro-segment             and the (fusion-)polypeptide with an exogenous (with respect             to the origins of the parts of the fusion-polypeptide) or             artificial protease cleavage site, and/or         -   iii) by lowering of the isoelectric point of the             (fusion-)polypeptide, and/or         -   iv) by one or more of adjusting linker peptide length,             adjusting linker connectivity, adjusting linker charge,             introducing one or more mutations of surface located amino             acid residues resulting in a lower isoelectric point of the             (fusion-)polypeptide,     -   recovering the (fusion-)polypeptide or (fusion-)pro-polypeptide         from the cell or the cultivation medium and thereby producing         the (recombinant) (fusion-)polypeptide.

One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a (recombinant) fusion-polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   providing a nucleic acid encoding the fusion-polypeptide,     -   modifying the nucleic acid to encode a variant         fusion-polypeptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the         fusion-polypeptide has been modified by adjusting linker peptide         length, adjusting linker connectivity, adjusting linker charge,         introducing one or more mutations of surface located amino acid         residues resulting in a lower isoelectric point of the         fusion-polypeptide,     -   introducing the nucleic acid into a eukaryotic cell (in one         embodiment a mammalian cell),     -   cultivating the eukaryotic cell, and     -   recovering the (recombinant) variant fusion-polypeptide from the         cell or the cultivation medium and thereby producing the         (recombinant) fusion-polypeptide.

In one embodiment of the previous aspects the fusion-polypeptide comprises a biologically active entity, a linker peptide, and a monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood-brain-barrier (BBB) receptor.

In one embodiment the blood brain barrier receptor is selected from the group consisting of transferrin receptor, insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (also known as apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2)), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (also known as alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor (A2MR)) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor.

In one embodiment the linker peptide comprises one or more negatively charged amino acid residues. In one embodiment the linker peptide comprises two or more negatively charged amino acid residues. In one embodiment the linker peptide comprises two, or three, or four, or five negatively charged amino acid residues.

In one embodiment the biologically active entity is a neurotrophic factor. In one embodiment the neurotrophic factor is brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

In one embodiment the monovalent binding entity is binding to a blood brain barrier receptor and is a monovalent antibody fragment, preferably selected from scFv, Fv, scFab, Fab, VHH.

In one embodiment the fusion polypeptide is a single chain fusion polypeptide comprising as first part human brain-derived neurotrophic factor and as second part a single anti-transferrin receptor antibody Fab or scFv conjugated either directly or via a linker peptide to each other.

One aspect as reported herein is a fusion-polypeptide comprising

-   -   exactly one wild-type neurotrophic factor polypeptide, or         neurotrophic factor variant polypeptide, or fragment thereof         with neurotrophic factor activity,     -   a binding domain, and     -   a linker peptide between the neurotrophic factor polypeptide and         the antibody fragment.

One aspect as reported herein is a fusion-polypeptide with neurotrophic factor activity (e.g. dimeric complex) comprising

-   -   exactly one type of wild-type neurotrophic factor polypeptide,         or neurotrophic factor variant polypeptide or fragment thereof         with neurotrophic factor activity,     -   a binding domain, and     -   a linker peptide between the neurotrophic factor polypeptide and         the antibody fragment.

In one embodiment the binding domain is an antibody fragment binding site. In one embodiment the binding domain is an antibody fragment comprising an antibody binding site. In one embodiment the antibody fragment is specifically binding to a blood brain barrier receptor. In one embodiment the antibody fragment is a monovalent antibody fragment selected from the group comprising scFv, Fv, scFab, Fab, VHH.

In one embodiment the blood brain barrier receptor is selected from the group consisting of transferrin receptor, insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (also known as apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2)), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (also known as alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor (A2MR)) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor.

In one embodiment the fusion-polypeptide comprises a second monovalent or bivalent binding entity which does not bind to a BBB receptor.

One aspect as reported herein is a complex comprising

-   -   as first component a fusion-polypeptide as reported herein, and     -   as second component of a wild-type neurotrophic factor         polypeptide, or neurotrophic factor variant polypeptide, or         fragment thereof with neurotrophic factor activity.

One aspect as reported herein is a multimeric complex with neurotrophic factor activity comprising

-   -   as first component a fusion-polypeptide as reported herein, and     -   as second component of a wild-type neurotrophic factor         polypeptide, or neurotrophic factor variant polypeptide, or         fragment thereof with neurotrophic factor activity.

In one embodiment the complex is a dimeric complex.

In one embodiment of all aspects the neurotrophic factor is selected from nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4). In one preferred embodiment the neurotrophic growth factor is BDNF.

All amino acid sequences as reported herein are specific aspects of the current invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reason(s) for low expression yields of recombinantly produced polypeptides in mammalian cells are often not known and generally not easy to determine.

Certain polypeptides can interfere with host cell functions upon expression. This can be e.g. miss-sorting to an incorrect cellular location or expression in a wrong spatial (e.g. cell type) and/or temporal (e.g. cell cycle dependent) context. In addition, increased recombinant expression and secretion of polypeptides can result in unfavorable condition of protein folding, e.g. resulting in protein aggregation and/or cellular stress responses. In conclusion, recombinant expression of polypeptides can be difficult (e.g. resulting in a low expression yield) or even be impossible in a specific host cell.

The methods as reported herein are exemplified in the following with specific polypeptides, fusion-polypeptides and antibody-fusion-polypeptides. These molecules are used merely as an example and should not be construed as a limitation of the scope of the current invention.

Neurotrophic proteins are considered to be of high therapeutic interest. For example, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is suggested to cure or alleviate symptoms of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and perinatal white matter disease, Down and autism/Rett syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, eating disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, neuronal injuries like that of the spinal cord as well as other diseases (Apfel, S.C., Clin. Chem. Lab Med. 39 (2001) 351-355; Nagahara, A. H. and Tuszynski, M. H., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 10 (2011) 209-219; Zuccato, C. and Cattaneo, E., Nature Reviews Neurology 5 (2009) 311-322; Thoenen, H. and Sendtner, M., Nature Neuroscience Supplement 5 (2002) 1046-1050; Gharami, K., et al., J. Neurochem. 105 (2008) 369-379).

In the human body neurotrophic proteins are of very low abundance and are often expressed by specialized cell types located in a very complex microenvironment (see e.g. Greenberg, M. E., et al., J. Neurosci. 29 (2009) 12764-12767). In line with its natural function, expression levels of neurotrophins in eukaryotic cells typically used for recombinant industrial production of such polypeptides (like CHO cells, COS cells, NSO cells, and HEK cells) are very low (Acklin, C., et al., Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 41 (1993) 548-552).

I. Improved Expression by Introduction of N-Glycosylation Sites

One aspect as reported herein is that one or more (artificial) glycosylation sites are introduced in a polypeptide for recombinant production thereof. By the introduction of one or more (artificial) glycosylation site(s) the recombinant production of the polypeptide in a eukaryotic cell, especially in a mammalian cell, can be improved. This method is especially suited e.g. for polypeptides which are poorly or not at all expressed/secreted in mammalian cells. The introduced glycosylation site can either be in the polypeptide itself, or in a linker peptide connecting two polypeptides of a fusion-polypeptide, or it can be a specific glycosylation-tag. It is especially advantageous to introduce the glycosylation site by point mutation of a surface localized amino acid to generate an (artificial)N-glycosylation motif.

Example: Fusion-Polypeptides Comprising an Antibody Part and GFP

Exemplary fusion-polypeptides comprising an antibody and a GFP moiety were constructed.

A GlySer-linker (GGGGSGGGGSG; SEQ ID NO: 01) was used to fuse either i) a eGFP moiety (enhanced green fluorescent protein; SEQ ID NO: 02), or ii) a emGFP moiety (emerald green fluorescent protein; SEQ ID NO: 03), or iii) a tagGFP moiety (SEQ ID NO: 04) to the C-terminal ends of the heavy chains (HCs) of an anti-IGF-1R antibody of the subclass IgG1 (HC: SEQ ID NO: 05; LC: SEQ ID NO: 06). The different heavy chain-fusions have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 07, 08, and 09.

Secretion of the antibody-fusion-polypeptides could not be detected at all in the cell culture supernatants of transiently transfected HEK293 cells using Western Blotting and/or a protein A based High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) assay. Also biologically active GFP could not be monitored by its bioluminescent properties (GFP-specific fluorescence). But the fusion-polypeptides could be detected in the cell pellet fraction by Western Blot analysis. The results are shown in the following table.

TABLE 1 GFP molecule secreted fusion-polypeptide [μg/ml] eGFP <1 emGFP <1 tagGFP <1 <1 μg/ml = below limit of detection

Without being bound by this theory GFP is a cytoplasmic monomeric protein with a tendency to form (weak) dimers. Thus, the wild-type GFP is not destined “from nature” (the natural Aequorea Victoria jellyfish cell) to be secreted, and, therefore, the GFP molecule must be made suitable for secretion due to incompatibility with the mammalian cell secretion machinery.

In order to provide secreted GFP containing fusion-polypeptides a polypeptide derived from the human light-sensitive membrane-bound G protein-coupled opsin receptor found in photoreceptor cells of the retina has been included further in the fusion-polypeptide, i.e. as glycosylation-tag. With this glycosylation-tag additional (artificial)N-glycosylation sites are introduced in the fusion-polypeptide.

The opsin receptor derived polypeptide was fused directly, i.e. without intervening linker peptide, to the C-terminus of the GFP moiety. The opsin-derived polypeptide (NGTEGPNFYVPFSNATGVV; opsin-tag; SEQ ID NO: 10) comprises two N-glycosylation site motifs: the NOT motif and the NAT motif (general N-glycosylation site motif: NxS/T; Asn followed by any amino acid except Pro, followed by either Ser or Thr). Transient expression of the fusion-polypeptides comprising the opsin glycosylation tag (SEQ ID NO: 11) in HEK293 cells resulted in secretion of the fusion-polypeptide. The results are shown in the following table.

TABLE 2 GFP molecule Opsin-tag secreted fusion polypeptide [μg/ml] eGFP no <1 eGFP yes 15 <1 μg/ml = below limit of detection

From SDS-PAGE analysis (band broadening) it can be seen that the secreted fusion-polypeptides contain additional carbohydrates.

The antibody-GFP-opsin-tag-fusion-polypeptides were purified with a two-step procedure, in particular, a protein A affinity chromatography followed by a size exclusion chromatography. The functionality of the antibody moiety within the fusion-polypeptide was demonstrated by binding to the IGF-1R receptor protein using surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore) and internalization into cells via receptor mediated endocytosis on cells over-expressing IGF-1R by FACS and/or confocal microscopy. The functionally of the GFP moiety was shown due to its green fluorescence characteristics.

Example: Neurotrophic Proteins

An exemplary neurotrophic protein is brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF).

i) Glycosylation-Tag

Human wild-type pre-pro-BDNF comprising a C-terminal T7-His6-tag (MASMTGGQQMG-HHHHHH; used for affinity purification; SEQ ID NO: 12) fused via a GSG-linker was expressed in HEK239 cells (pre-pro-BDNF-T7-His6; SEQ ID NO: 13). The amino acid sequence of mature BDNF does not contain an N-glycosylation site motif and is therefore not N-glycosylated. Mature BDNF is obtained in low yields of a few μg/ml only. The low expression yield could not be improved by optimization of the gene codon usage, or by removal of potential protease cleavage sites (pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6), or by exchanging the native BDNF signal sequence by a signal sequence of a well expressed antibody (MGWSCIILFL VATATGVHS; SEQ ID NO: 14), or by an exchange of the BDNF pre-pro-segment with that of NGF. The results are shown in the following table (normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF).

TABLE 3 normalized deletion secreted of RGR at fusion the C- linker purifica- polypeptide BDNF molecule terminus peptide tion-tag [μg/ml] pre-pro-BDNF no GSG none 3-5 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG none 3-5 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 2.5-5   (codon optimized) pre-pro-BDNF no GSG T7-His6 3 (antibody signal sequence) pre-pro-BDNF no GSG T7-His6 0.5 (pre-pro from NGF)

In order to improve the (secretion) yield of BDNF (artificial) glycosylation sites were introduced into the BDNF molecule using opsin-glycosylation-tags of different length: 16 amino acid residues (NGTEGPNFYVPFSNAT; SEQ ID NO: 15), 19 amino acid residues (NGTEGPNFYVPFSNATGVV; SEQ ID NO: 10), and 20 amino acid residues (NGTEGPNFYVPFSNATGVVR; SEQ ID NO: 16). Using this modification the expression yield (normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF) could be improved. The results are shown in the following table (normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF).

TABLE 4 deletion of normalized secreted RGR at the linker glycosylation- linker purification- fusion polypeptide BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag SEQ ID NO: peptide tag [μg/ml] pre-pro-BDNF no GSG no no T7-His6 3-5 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG no no T7-His6 3-5 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG no no T7-His6 2.5-5   (codon optimized) pre-pro-BDNF no GSG no no T7-His6  3 (antibody signal sequence) pre-pro-BDNF no GSG no no T7-His6   0.5 (pre-pro from NGF) pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG 15 GSG T7-His6 >22* pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG 15 GSG His6 >22* pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG 16 no His6 >22* *exceeded linear range of quantification

Surprisingly, the BDNF variants comprising a glycosylation-tag had also an improved biological activity when compared to native non-glycosylated BDNF (CHO-TrkB-luciferase reporter gene assay). The results are shown in the following table.

TABLE 5 BDNF activity deletion of in TrkBluciferase RGR at the linker glycosylation- linker purification- assay, EC50 BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag SEQ ID NO: peptide tag [nM] pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG no no T7-His6 3.4 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG 15 GSG T7-His6 0.3 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG 15 GSG His6 0.3 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG 16 no His6 0.3

Further possible glycosylation-tags are AAANGTGGA (one N glycosylation site motif; SEQ ID NO: 17), ANITVNITV (two N-glycosylation site motifs; SEQ 1D NO: 18), and NATGADNGTGAS (two N-glycosylation site motifs; SEQ ID NO: 19).

ii) Introduced N-Glycosylation Site Motif(s)

In order to improve the (secretion) yield of BDNF artificial N-glycosylation sites were introduced into the BDNF amino acid sequence. The artificial N-glycosylation site can be introduced e.g. by point mutation to the BDNF amino acid sequence (N-glycosylation-site motif: Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr Xxx any amino acid except Pro). The corresponding encoding nucleic acid sequences were prepared and transiently expressed in HEK293 cells. The numbering of the mutations is based on the amino acid sequence of mature BDNF (SEQ ID NO: 25). The secreted BDNF variants were analyzed for expression/secretion level, degree of N-glycosylation (deduced from migration as band with approx. 3-5 kDa per introduced and used N-glycosylation site increased MW (when compared with the non-glycosylated BDNF reference) by immunoblotting analysis), and functionality/receptor binding via a CHO-TrkB-luciferase reporter gene assay. The results are shown in the following tables (expression yield and biological activities normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF) and FIG. 3.

TABLE 6 normalized BDNF activity in deletion of secreted fusion TrkBluciferase RGR at the linker purification- mutation in polypeptide assay, EC50 degree of lane in BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag mature BDNF [μg/ml] [nM] glycosylation FIG. 3 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none 6 3.4 − 2 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 M61T 8.3 n.d. − 3 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 Q79S 9.6 6.9 − 4 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 R81N 12.5 0.8 ++ 5 n.d.: not determined −: no glycosylation +: partial glycosylation ++: full glycosylation

TABLE 7 normalized deletion of secreted fusion BDNF activity in RGR at the linker purification- mutation in polypeptide TrkBluciferase degree of BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag mature BDNF [μg/ml] assay glycosylation pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none 1.7 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 W19N n.d. n.d. − pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K25N 6.9 active ++ pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 D30N n.d. n.d. − pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 G33N 7.4 inactive ++ pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 T35N 14.9  active ++ pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 P43N n.d. n.d. − pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 P43N, n.d. n.d. − V42G pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 M61S, 2.2 n.d. − P60G pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 G62N, 8.8 active ++ Y63G pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 Q79T 8.4 active + pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 W76N 2.6 n.d. − pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 M92N n.d. n.d. − pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 D106N 1.4 n.d. − pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 T112N 2.6 inactive + n.d.: not determined −: no glycosylation +: partial glycosylation ++: full glycosylation active; BDNF activity comparable to the activity of non-glycosylated mature wild-type BDNF expressed in E. coli, refolded and purified Inactive: no activity determined

The functionality/biological activity of glycosylated BDNF variants was also shown in a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) assay. The activity determined in the DRG assay was comparable to non-glycosylated wild-type BDNF.

II. Improved Expression by Modification of Enzymatic Cleavage Sites

Often secreted polypeptides are synthesized as pre-pro-polypeptides. The pre-segment represents a so called signal sequence. The pro-segment can be e.g. required for protein folding, cellular targeting/transport to a specific cellular compartment (e.g. to lysosomes), or inactivation of the mature protein during transport and storage within a cell or extracellular transport (e.g. secretion into the culture medium). The pre- and pro-segments are not necessary for the biological activity of the mature polypeptide. If the pro-segment is not processed correctly, i.e. the (pre-)pro-segment is not cleaved from the mature protein e.g. in the producing/secreting cell, it can alter the biophysical, biochemical and/or biologic activities of the mature polypeptide.

The method reported below is suitable for polypeptides that are produced in vivo from a pro-polypeptide by enzymatic cleavage.

One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a recombinant polypeptide from a pro-polypeptide using a variant pro-polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a mammalian cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding         the pro-polypeptide (fusion-polypeptide of a pro-segment and the         polypeptide) wherein the endogenous enzymatic cleavage site         between the pro-segment and the polypeptide has been replaced by         an exogenous protease cleavage site,     -   recovering the recombinant variant pro-polypeptide from the cell         or the cultivation medium, cleaving the pro-polypeptide, and         thereby producing the recombinant polypeptide.

One aspect as reported herein is a method for producing a fusion-polypeptide from a pro-fusion-polypeptide comprising the following steps:

-   -   cultivating a mammalian cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding         a variant pro-fusion-polypeptide wherein the amino acid sequence         of the pro-fusion-polypeptide has been modified by replacing in         the native pro-fusion-polypeptide the endogenous protease         cleavage site between the pro-segment and the fusion-polypeptide         with an exogenous (with respect to the origin(s) of the parts of         the fusion-polypeptide) or artificial protease cleavage site,     -   recovering the pro-fusion-polypeptide from the cell or the         cultivation medium, cleaving the pro-fusion-polypeptide, and         thereby producing the (recombinant) fusion-polypeptide.

In one aspect as reported herein the protease cleavage site between the pro-segment and the mature polypeptide in a pro-polypeptide is replaced by an exogenous (with respect to the origin of the polypeptide or the parts of the fusion-polypeptide) or artificial protease cleavage site.

The term “endogenous protease cleavage site” as used in this context denotes a protease cleavage site that is found in nature between the pro-segment and the mature polypeptide.

The term “exogenous protease cleavage site” as used in this context denotes a protease cleavage site that is not naturally found between the pro-segment and the mature polypeptide.

By the change from the endogenous protease cleavage site to an exogenous protease cleavage site the processing and cleaving of the secreted pro-polypeptide into its mature form can be improved.

The exogenous protease cleavage site can be from any protease as long as the protease is not present/expressed in the cell from which the pro-polypeptide originates, i.e. in which the pro-polypeptide occurs in nature (either in part or totally).

The exogenous protease cleavage site (with respect to the origin of the polypeptide) can be any exogenous protease cleavage site, such as e.g. an IgA protease cleavage site, a TEV protease cleavage site (Tobacco Etch Virus), a Granzyme B cleavage site, a Thrombin cleavage site, a factor 10 cleavage site, an Enterokinase cleavage site, a subtilisin cleavage site, a cathepsin cleavage site, a metallo proteinase cleavage site, an IDES protease cleavage site, a PreScission protease cleavage site, or functional variants thereof.

The cleavage of the pro-polypeptide can occur at different points in time during the recombinant production of the polypeptide.

The cleavage of the pro-polypeptide can be in the cultivation medium. Herein the exogenous protease (effecting the cleavage of the pro-polypeptide) is added to the cultivation medium or the exogenous protease (effecting the cleavage of the pro-polypeptide) is co-expressed in the cultivation medium.

It is also possible to cleave the pro-polypeptide after its separation from the cells, e.g. before, during or after downstream processing (but after cultivation).

In one preferred embodiment the exogenous protease cleavage site is from a different organism than the pro-polypeptide and the recombinant cell expressing the pro-polypeptide. This has the advantage that the point of the processing of the pro-polypeptide can be defined. If the cell expressing the variant pro-polypeptide does not co-express the exogenous protease and the exogenous protease is not added to the cultivation medium the cleavage can no longer be effected by the cell expressing the variant pro-polypeptide or during the cultivation, respectively.

In one embodiment the cleaving of the pro-polypeptide is during the purification.

In one embodiment the cleaving of the pro-polypeptide is on-column during the purification process. In one specific embodiment the column is an affinity column.

In one preferred embodiment the cleaving of the pro-polypeptide is by incubating the pro-polypeptide with the protease after the pro-polypeptide has been separated from the cultivation medium. In one embodiment the incubating is after a first (chromatographic) purification step. In one embodiment the incubating is done on column.

This technique also allows, e.g., the inclusion of an artificial purification tag, such as e.g. a His6-tag, a myc-tag, a HA-tag, or a biotin/avidin-tag, within the pro-segment for improved/simplified purification.

In one embodiment the pro-polypeptide comprises a pro-segment and a mature polypeptide wherein the pro-segment comprises a purification tag. In one embodiment the purification tag is selected from the group of purification tags comprising the His6-tag, the myc-tag, the HA-tag, and the biotin/avidin-tag.

In one embodiment the cleavage of the pro-polypeptide comprising a purification tag is after a purification step using the purification tag.

In any case the cleavage of the pro-segment from the mature polypeptide is made prior to the administration of the mature polypeptide to a patient. In one embodiment the cleavage is made in vitro.

In one preferred embodiment the endogenous protease cleavage site is an IgA protease cleavage site and the purification tag is a hexahistidine (His6) tag. In one embodiment the hexahistidine tag is conjugated via a GSG peptide to the protease cleavage site.

Example: Pre-Pro-BDNF Variant with Exogenous Protease Cleavage Site within the BDNF Pro-Polypeptide

An exemplary polypeptide that is expressed as (pre-)pro-polypeptide and cleaved into the mature form is BDNF.

Wild-type human BDNF was expressed in HEK293 cells. During polypeptide processing (i.e. during the expression/recombinant production) the pro-segment was only partially removed by the host cell's proteases resulting in a mixture of mature BDNF and non-processed pro-BDNF. Human pro-BDNF is processed during secretion within the host cell mainly by the secretory pro-protein convertase furin.

A pro-BDNF variant was engineered wherein the naturally occurring furin protease cleavage site was replaced by an exogenous IgA protease cleavage site. IgA protease recognizes and cleaves proteins containing the amino acid sequence N-X-Z-Pro-Pro/-Y-Pro-C (X=preferably Pro or Ser, Y=Thr, Ser, or Ala; Z=preferably Arg or Thr). The amino acid sequence of the pro-BDNF polypeptide contains a furin cleavage site (RVRR; SEQ ID NO: 21). The furin cleavage site was replaced by an IgA protease cleavage site (GSVVAPPAP; SEQ ID NO: 22). Additionally a His6-tag was fused via a GSG linker peptide to the C-terminus of BDNF (HHHHHH; used for affinity purification; SEQ ID NO: 23). Further a potential protease cleavage site was removed (deletion of C-terminal amino acid sequence RGR; SEQ ID NO: 24). In comparative variants an R54A mutation was introduced into the pro-polypeptide of BDNF (the pre-pro-BDNF polypeptide has at amino acid position 54 the amino acid residue Ala instead of Arg), and/or a T7-His6-tag was used instead of the His6-tag. The results are shown in the following table (biological activities normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF).

TABLE 8 normalized BDNF activity deletion of protease secreted fusion in TrkBluciferase RGR at the linker purification- mutation in cleavage polypeptide assay, EC50 BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag pre-pro-BDNF site [μg/ml] [nM] pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none furin 6 3.4 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 R54A furin 7.8 1.2 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 11 9.6

The numbering of the R54A mutation is based on the amino acid sequence of wild-type pre-pro-BDNF (SEQ ID NO: 20).

The engineered pre-pro-BDNF polypeptide was expressed in HEK293 cells with high yield. The secreted engineered pro-BDNF polypeptide was efficiently converted in vitro into mature native BDNF by cleavage with IgA protease.

Thus, in contrast to the expression of the native pre-pro-BDNF polypeptide comprising the natural furin/PC convertase cleavage site the engineered pro-BDNF polypeptide comprising an exogenous IgA protease cleavage site was obtained as a single expression product. Additionally, improved expression yields were obtained. Further, the mature BDNF polypeptide obtained from the engineered pro-BDNF polypeptide has improved biological activity as the mature BDNF polypeptide obtained from wild-type pre-pro-BDNF in a TrkB luciferase reporter cell assay.

Example: Pre-Pro-BDNF Variant with Exogenous Protease Cleavage Site and Engineered Purification Tag within the BDNF Pro-Polypeptide

Affinity tags are very useful for simple and efficient purification of recombinantly produced polypeptides. However, artificial purification tags which remain in the final therapeutic protein are not acceptable for clinical use due to several reasons including potential immunogenicity, changes in biophysical and biochemical properties as well as biologic activities. In order to overcome these limitations a removable purification tag is beneficial.

In one embodiment the (BDNF) pro-polypeptide comprises a purification tag.

A pro-BDNF variant was engineered wherein a His6-tag was introduced into the pro-polypeptide. Additionally the naturally occurring furin protease cleavage site was replaced by an exogenous IgA protease cleavage site and/or an R54A mutation was introduced into the pro-polypeptide.

In a comparative variant the His6-tag was fused via a GSG linker peptide to the C-terminus of BDNF. Further, a T7-His6-tag was used instead of the His6-tag. The results are shown in the following table (biological activities normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF) and FIG. 2.

TABLE 9 normalized BDNF activity deletion of C-terminal protease purification secreted fusion in TrkBluciferase RGR at the linker purification- mutation in cleavage tag in the pro- polypeptide assay, EC50 BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag pre-pro-BDNF site polypeptide [μg/ml] [nM] pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none furin none 6 3.4 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 R54A IgA none 11.2 9.6 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 R54A furin none 7.8 1.2 pre-pro-BDNF yes none none R54A furin His6 7.1 1.2 pre-pro-BDNF yes none none R54A IgA His6 8.1 9.6

The biologic activity/functionality of the BDNF polypeptides obtained from the different pro-BDNF variant polypeptides was confirmed using in vitro and in vivo assays. The IgA protease cleavage site containing constructs show improved activity.

The removable purification tag (e.g. such as a hexa-histidine-tag) inserted within the N-terminal region of the pro-peptide can be used for efficient purification and will be cleaved off during in vitro protein maturation. Thereby, no potential immunogenic peptide sequences will be retained in the mature polypeptide which will be used for in vivo administration.

III. Improved Expression by Lowering Isoelectric Point

Some polypeptides, e.g. neurotrophins, with a basic isoelectric point (IEP), i.e. an isoelectric point above 9, tend to form aggregates.

In one aspect as reported herein the lowering of the isoelectric point of a polypeptide is used to increase the yield of the recombinantly produced polypeptide using mammalian cells. This method is especially suited for polypeptides that have an isoelectric point above 9 (high isoelectric point, basic isoelectric point), such as e.g. neurotrophins. The lowering (reduction) of the isoelectric point can be achieved by increasing the number of negative charges in the polypeptide, e.g. by the introduction of negatively charged amino acid residues and/or fusion to a negatively charged moiety such as a linker peptide. Alternatively the lowering of the IEP can be achieved by the removal of positive charges from the surface of the polypeptide, e.g. by the introduction of negatively charged amino acid residues at the surface of the polypeptide. This can be done e.g. by replacement of one or more basic amino acid residue(s) with neutral hydrophilic amino acid residue(s) and/or acidic amino acid residue(s) or combinations thereof.

Example: BDNF Variants with Lowered Isoelectric Point

BDNF has an isoelectric point of about 10 and is a sticky basic/alkaline molecule (see e.g. Leibrock, J., et al., Nature 341 (1989), 149-152).

In order to improve the (secretion) yield BDNF variants were engineered in which amino acid residues were changed in order to lower the isoelectric point of the molecule. Additionally a T7-His6-tag was fused via a GSG linker peptide to the C-terminus of BDNF. Further in one comparative variant a potential protease cleavage site was removed (deletion of C-terminal amino acid sequence RGR; SEQ ID NO: 23). In a first variant the following amino acid mutations were introduced: P60E, K65D, K73D, and K95A. In a second variant the following amino acid mutations were introduced: K65D, K73D, K95A, and R97A. The IEP values have been calculated using the EMBOSS IEP method (Alan Bleasby (ajb® ebi.ac.uk); European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellconme Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK). The results are shown in the following table (biological activities normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF).

TABLE 10 normalized BDNF activity deletion of C-terminal secreted fusion in TrkBluciferase RGR at the linker purification- mutation in isoelectric polypeptide assay, EC50 BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag mature BDNF point [μg/ml] [nM] pre-pro-BDNF no GSG T7-His6 none 10.8 3-5 3 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none 10.6 3-5 3 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 P60E, 9.5 8-9 4-5 K65D, K73D, K95A pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K65D, 9.5 8-9 4-5 K73D, K95A, R97A pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG myc-His6 none 10.1 >22* 0.36 *exceeded linear range of quantification

In contrast to wild-type BDNF the engineered BDNF variants with a lowered IEP stably accumulated over 3 to 6 days in the cell culture medium/supernatant in transiently transfected HEK293 cells. This was also shown by a cell culturing study wherein purified mature BDNF (produced in E. coli) and a purified IEP-lowered myc-tagged BDNF variant was added to a growing HEK293 host cell culture (BDNF concentration 10 μg/ml). After 4 days of cell culturing the remaining BDNF concentration in the cell culture supernatant was determined by reduced SDS PAGE and Western Blot analysis: mature BDNF was completely cleared from the cell culture supernatant after 4 days, whereas the myc-tagged BDNF variant was almost completely stable (see FIG. 1).

IV. Improved Expression by Combination of Different Modifications

In one aspect as reported herein one or more of the following modifications have been made/introduced to improve the recombinant production of a polypeptide:

-   -   i) introduction of one or more glycosylation sites, and/or     -   ii) replacement of an endogenous protease cleavage site between         the pro-segment and the mature polypeptide with an exogenous         (with respect to the origin of the polypeptide) or artificial         protease cleavage site, and/or     -   iii) lowering of the isoelectric point of the polypeptide,         and/or     -   iv) by adjusting linker peptide length, connectivity and charge.

To further improve the recombinant production of a polypeptide in certain embodiments any two, any three, or all four modifications as described above are used in combination.

Example: Neurotrophic Proteins

An exemplary neurotrophic protein is brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF).

In the amino acid sequence of BDNF two or more of the following modifications have been made:

-   -   introduction of one or more artificial N-glycosylation sites,     -   introduction of an opsin-tag as an N-glycosylation-tag, and     -   replacement of the endogenous furin cleavage site by an         exogenous IgA protease cleavage site.

The results are shown in the following tables (biological activities normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF).

TABLE 11 deletion of C-terminal protease RGR at the linker purification- mutation in cleavage glycosylation- Lane in BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag mature BDNF site tag SEQ ID NO: FIG. 4 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 A pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG myc-His6 R81N IgA 16 B pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG myc-His6 R81N IgA none C pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none D pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none E pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin 16 F

From FIG. 4 can be seen that the expression/secretion yield of BDNF variant polypeptides containing one or more additional N-glycosylation sites is improved (Lane A, B and F in FIG. 4) in comparison to BDNF variants without an additional N-glycosylation site (Lane C, D and E in FIG. 4).

TABLE 12 normalized BDNF activity deletion of C-terminal mutation protease secreted fusion in TrkBluciferase RGR at the linker purification- in mature cleavage glycosylation- polypeptide assay, EC50 BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag BDNF site tag SEQ ID NO: [μg/ml] [% or nM] pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none furin none 6 100% pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA none 11 282% pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG none R81N IgA none pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG myc-His6 R81N IgA 16 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG myc-His6 R81N IgA none pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 K25N IgA 16 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 T35N IgA 16 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 K25N, T35N IgA 16 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K25N, T35N, IgA none R81N pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K25N, T35N, IgA none Q79T, R81N pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 G62N, Y63G, IgA 16 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 G62N, Y63G, IgA 16 K25N, T35N wild-type BDNF 0.44 (E. coli) pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 G62N, Y63G, furin none 0.13 Q79T pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 T35N, Q79T furin none 0.064 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K25N, Q79T furin none 0.21 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 T35N, G62N, furin none 0.069 Y63G, Q79T pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 Q79T, R81N furin none 0.05 pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 T35N, G62N, furin none 0.039 Y63G pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K25N, G62N, furin none 276% Y63G pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 G62N, Y63G, furin none 203% R81A pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K25N, T35N furin none n.d. pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin 16 555% pre-pro-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 K25N, T35N, furin none 2828%  Q79T

V. Improved Expression of Blood-Brain-Barrier Transported Fusion Polypeptides

Brain penetration of large biotherapeutic drugs is strictly limited by the extensive and impermeable blood-brain barrier (BBB) together with the other cell components in the neurovascular unit (NVU). Many strategies to overcome this obstacle have been tested and one is to utilize transcytosis pathways mediated by endogenous receptors expressed on the brain capillary endothelium. Recombinant proteins such as monoclonal antibodies or polypeptides have been designed against these receptors to enable receptor-mediated delivery of biotherapeutics to the brain.

Biotherapeutics have huge therapeutic potential for treatment of pathology in the central nervous system (CNS). However, their route into the brain is prevented by the BBB. Previous studies have illustrated that a very small percentage (approximately 0.1%) of an IgG injected in the bloodstream is able to penetrate into the CNS compartment (Felgenhauer, Klin. Wschr. 52 (1974) 1158-1164). This will certainly limit any pharmacological effect due to the low concentration within the CNS of the biotherapeutic. Therefore, carriers including antibody fragments which mediate the transport of biotherapeutics like neurotrophic factors into the brain are of high medical need.

Thus, fusion polypeptides comprising an effector entity and a monovalent or bi-valent binding entity which binds to a BBB receptor have been developed (see e.g. EP 12182181.3).

In one embodiment the monovalent binding entity is specifically binding to a blood brain barrier receptor or a monovalent antibody fragment specifically binding to a blood brain barrier receptor, preferably selected from scFv, Fv, scFab, Fab, and VHH.

In one embodiment the effector entity is a neurotrophic polypeptide, such as BDNF.

In one embodiment the blood brain receptor is selected from the group consisting of the transferrin receptor, insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor.

Example: Fusion-Polypeptides Comprising an Antibody Part and BDNF

Boado et al. (Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97 (2007) 1376-1386) report an antibody-BDNF-fusion-polypeptide wherein the amino terminus of human BDNF is fused to the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain of a chimeric antibody recognizing the human insulin receptor. However, expression of this fusion polypeptide was not possible as the fusion polypeptide aggregates within the cell.

In general, wild-type BDNF or a BDNF variant can be fused to an antibody polypeptide chain either via its C-terminus or its N-terminus. Since BDNF is only active as a homodimer the engineering of biologically active antibody-BDNF fusion polypeptides requires that both i) folding, maturation and assembly of the BDNF part, and ii) folding and assembly of the antibody polypeptide chains/domains is correct. Thus, different fusion polypeptide formats (complexes) are possible, such as e.g. a complete antibody composed of two heavy and light chains, an antibody Fab fragment composed of a light chain and a heavy chain fragment, a single chain Fab (scFab) or a single chain Fv (scFv) in combination with N- or C-terminal fusion of the BDNF polypeptide. Further the fusion polypeptide complex can comprise two or more different polypeptide chains, such as the combination of e.g. a BDNF-scFv-fusion-polypeptide and a mature (non-fused) BDNF polypeptide, a BDNF-Fab(heavy chain)-fusion-polypeptide and a BDNF-Fab(light chain)-fusion-polypeptide, or a BDNF-Fab(heavy chain)-fusion polypeptide and a Fab(light chain)-fusion-polypeptide and a mature (non-fused) BDNF polypeptide. In addition, the BDNF polypeptide can be fused either directly or via a linker peptide to the respective antibody chain polypeptide. The linker peptides can differ in i) the number of amino acids, ii) the kind of amino acids (e.g. negatively charged and/or hydrophobic amino acids), and iii) the engineered putative posttranslational modification motifs (e.g. N-linked glycosylation site motifs). For example, the BDNF polypeptide can be conjugated to different antibody fragments (e.g. a Fab, a scFab and a scFv) connected via different linker peptides resulting in different biologically active fusion-polypeptides.

One aspect as reported herein is a fusion-polypeptide comprising

-   -   exactly one wild-type BDNF polypeptide, or BDNF variant         polypeptide or fragment thereof with BDNF activity,     -   an antibody fragment, and     -   a linker peptide between the BDNF polypeptide and the antibody         fragment.

One aspect as reported herein is a fusion-polypeptide with BDNF activity (e.g. dimeric complex) comprising

-   -   exactly one type of wild-type BDNF polypeptide, or BDNF variant         polypeptide or fragment thereof with BDNF activity,     -   an antibody fragment, and     -   a linker peptide between the BDNF polypeptide and the antibody         fragment.

Another aspect as reported herein is a dimeric complex consisting of

-   -   as first component a fusion-polypeptide as reported herein, and     -   as second component of a wild-type BDNF polypeptide, or BDNF         variant polypeptide, or fragment thereof with BDNF activity.

It has been found that only BDNF-antibody-fusion-formats are expressed and properly assembled in biologically active form in complex with a second not-fused BDNF polypeptide if the format comprises exactly one BDNF polypeptide fused covalently via a linker peptide to an antibody fragment and exactly one not-fused BDNF polypeptide.

Further it has been found that the expression of such constructs can be further improved using a linker peptide comprising one or more negatively charged amino acid residues.

Different fusion polypeptide formats were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells. Analysis was performed using Western Blotting and/or a protein A based High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) assay. The results are shown in the following Table (biological activities normalized to concentration of maturated BDNF).

TABLE 13 deletion of C-terminal mutation protease RGR at the linker purification- in mature cleavage glycosylation- BDNF molecule C-terminus peptide tag BDNF site tag SEQ ID NO: wt-BDNF no none none none none none pp-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none pp-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 R81N furin 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none pp-BDNF yes GSG none R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG none R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG none R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG none R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG none R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 R81N IgA none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none none-LC n.a.. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin 16 none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none furin none pp-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 none furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG T7-His6 R81N furin none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA none none-LC n.a. n.a. none n.a. n.a. none pp-BDNF yes GSG His6 none IgA 16 normalized relative BDNF relative BDNF activity activity in fused to secreted in TrkB ELISA TrkB luciferase fused to antibody using fusion assay, EC50 assay, EC50 BDNF molecule antibody SEQ ID NO: polypeptide [nM] [%] wt-BDNF none n.a. n.a.*  5.7 60%  100%** pp-BDNF none n.a. 100%  8.9 100%  pp-BDNF none n.a. pp-BDNF none n.a.  40% pp-BDNF none n.a. 1000%  pp-BDNF none n.a. 290% pp-BDNF none n.a. 200% n.d. 10% pp-BDNF VL(I) 26  <1% (0)   n.d. pp-BDNF VH(I) 26 pp-BDNF VL(I) 27  <1% (0)   n.d. pp-BDNF VH(I) 27 pp-BDNF VL(I) 28  3% (0)   n.d. pp-BDNF VH(I) 28 pp-BDNF VH(I) 26  20%  6.1 28% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 26  6% 17    n.d. none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 27  5% 13.5 n.d. none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 28  5% 18.5 n.d. none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29  42% 12.4 28% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF scFv(I) 30  32% n.d. 3215%  pp-BDNF VH(II) 29 800% n.d. 200%  none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(II) 29 900% n.d. 60% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(II) 29 none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(II) 29 900% n.d. 80% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(II) 29 1000%  n.d. inactive none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(II) 29 900% n.d. 110%  none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 380% n.d. none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 450% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 840% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 620% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 31 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 560% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 32 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 520% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 32 pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 160% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 460% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 32 200% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 168% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 31  0% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 1180%  none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 630% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 1110%  none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 870% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 32 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 790% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 770% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 1030%  none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 32 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a. 200% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a.  70% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF n.a. n.a.  70% none-LC n.a. n.a. pp-BDNF VH(I) 29 pp-BDNF = pre-pro-BDNF n.a. = not applicable n.d. = not determined VL(I) = BDNF fused to the N-terminus of the light chain variable domain of anti-IGF-1R antibody VH(I) = BDNF fused to the N-terminus of the heavy chain variable domain of anti-IGF-1R Fab antibody fragment VL(II) = BDNF fused to the N-terminus of the light chain variable domain of anti-TfR antibody (anti-transferrin receptor antibody) VH(II) = BDNF fused to the N-terminus of the heavy chain variable domain of anti-TfR Fab antibody fragment none-LC = light chain antibody polypeptide chain without fused BDNF cognate to used heavy chain scFv = BDNF fused to the N-terminus of the scFv of anti-IGF-1R antibody *commercial material from Peprotech **recombinantly produced in E. coli

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 Stability of BDNF variants during cell culture. Wild-type BDNF (A) produced in E. coli and myc-tagged BDNF produced by transient expression in HEK293 cells (B) were added to a growing culture of HEK293 cells (10 μg/ml) and the BDNF concentration were determined at day 0 and day 4 in samples by reducing SDS PAGE and Western Blot analysis using an anti-BDNF antibody for staining/visualization; lane 1: reference material from Peprotech (E. coli); lane 2: molecular weight marker; the Western Blot has been cut and re-assembled for simplicity.

FIG. 2 SDS PAGE/Western Blot analysis of cell culture supernatants containing expressed/secreted BDNF variant polypeptides; lane 1: molecular weight marker; lane 2: row 1 of Table 9; lane 3: row 5 of Table 9; lane 4: row 2 of Table 9; lane 5: row 4 of Table 9; lane 6: row 3 of Table 9; lane 7=mBDNF reference; the Western Blot has been cut an re-assembled for simplicity.

FIG. 3 SDS PAGE/Western Blot analysis of cell culture supernatants containing expressed/secreted BDNF variant polypeptides; lane 1: molecular weight marker, lane 2: row 1 of Table 6 (glycosylated pro-BDNF); lane 3: row 2 of Table 6 (pro-BDNF); lane 4: row 3 of Table 6 (glycosylated mature BDNF); lane 5: row 4 of Table 6 (mature BDNF).

FIG. 4 SDS PAGE/Western Blot analysis of cell culture supernatants containing expressed/secreted BDNF variant polypeptides as of Table 11; lanes A: row 1 of Table 11; lane B: row 2 of Table 11; lane C: row 3 of Table 11; lane D: row 4 of Table 11; lane E: row 5 of Table 11; lanes F: row 6 of Table 11; the star denotes that different expression conditions were used.

The following examples, sequences and figures are provided to aid the understanding of the present invention, the true scope of which is set forth in the appended claims. It is understood that modifications can be made in the procedures set forth without departing from the spirit of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Recombinant DNA Techniques

Standard methods were used to manipulate DNA as described in Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. The molecular biological reagents were used according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Gene Synthesis

Desired genes and gene segments were prepared by chemical synthesis at Geneart GmbH (Regensburg, Germany). The synthesized genes and gene fragments were cloned into an E. coli plasmid for propagation/amplification. The DNA sequence of the subcloned genes and gene fragments were verified by DNA sequencing.

Protein Determination

The protein concentration of purified polypeptides was determined by determining the optical density (OD) at 280 nm, using the molar extinction coefficient calculated on the basis of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.

Description of the Basic/Standard Mammalian Expression Plasmid

Desired genes/polypeptides were expressed by transient transfection of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). For the expression of a desired gene/polypeptide (e.g. antibody-GFP-fusion-polypeptide, wild-type BDNF, BDNF variant polypeptides, BDNF-Fab- and BDNF-scFv-fusion-polypeptides) a transcription unit comprising the following functional elements was used:

-   -   the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human         cytomegalovirus (HCMV) including intron A,     -   a human heavy chain immunoglobulin 5′-untranslated region         (5′UTR),     -   a gene to be expressed, and     -   the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation sequence (BGH pA).

Beside the expression unit/cassette including the desired gene to be expressed the basic/standard mammalian expression plasmid contains

-   -   an origin of replication from the vector pUC18 which allows         replication of this plasmid in E. coli, and     -   a beta-lactamase gene which confers ampicillin resistance in E.         coli.

Example 1

Generation of Antibody Expression Plasmids

a) Generation of the Antibody Expression Plasmids for the Parental Human Anti-Human IGF-1R Antibody

The gene segments encoding the human kappa light (Vk) and heavy chain variable regions (VH) were joined to the gene segments encoding the human kappa light chain constant region (Ck) or the human gamma-1 heavy chain constant region (CH1-Hinge-CH2-CH3), respectively. Both antibody chain genes were expressed from two separate expression plasmids including the genomic exon-intron structure of the antibody genes. The amino acid sequence of the mature (without signal sequence) heavy and light chain of anti-human IGF-1R antibody are shown in SEQ ID NO: 05 and SEQ ID NO: 06.

The expression of antibody chains is controlled by a shortened intron A-deleted immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) including a human heavy chain immunoglobulin 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence, and the polyadenylation signal from bovine growth hormone (BGH pA). The expression plasmids also contain an origin of replication and a β-lactamase gene from the vector pUC18 for plasmid amplification in Escherichia coli (see Kopetzki, E., et al., Virol. J. 5 (2008) 56; Ji, C., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 5175-5185).

b) Generation of the Anti-Transferrin Receptor Antibody Light Chain Expression Plasmid

In order to obtain a light chain for the anti-transferrin-receptor antibody, a light chain gene was chemically synthesized coding for the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHS (SEQ ID NO: 14), the VL variable domain of the rat-anti-murine transferrin receptor and the human Vkappa light chain constant region. The amino acid sequence of the VL domain of the rat antibody was obtained from Boado, R. J., et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102 (2009) 1251-1258). The amino acid sequence of the chimeric rat/human anti-transferrin receptor antibody light chain is shown in SEQ ID NO: 80.

Example 2

Generation of Antibody-GFP-Fusion Polypeptide Expression Plasmids

a) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for the Anti-IGF-1R Antibody-GFP Fusion-Polypeptides

All anti-human IGF-1R antibody heavy chain-GFP-fusion-polypeptide encoding genes were assembled by fusing a chemically synthesized DNA fragment coding for the respective GFP variant and a glycine-serine linker consisting of 2 Gly₄Ser repeats and a further Gly (heavy chain . . . LSPG-gggsggggsg—GFP) to the 3′ end of the anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain gene coding for a slightly truncated human gamma-1 heavy chain constant region (removal of the last natural amino acid Lys). The amino acid sequence of the anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain eGFP, emGPF and tagGFP fusion protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 07, SEQ ID NO: 08 and SEQ ID NO: 09, respectively.

The antibody heavy and light chain genes were expressed from two separate expression plasmids including the genomic exon-intron structure of antibody genes.

b) Generation of Expression Plasmids for Anti-IGF-1R Antibody Heavy Chain-eGFP-Opsin-Tag-Fusion-Polypeptides

The expression plasmids for the transient expression of the anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain-GFP-opsin-tag-fusion-polypeptides in HEK293 cells was derived from the expression vectors described above. They differ only in the DNA segment encoding the GFP-opsin-tag where upon the 19 amino acid peptide (NGTEGPNFYVPFSNATGVV; opsin(M); SEQ ID NO: 10) was fused directly to the C-terminal end of a respective GFP. As example, the amino acid sequence of the anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain-eGFP-opsin(M)-tag-fusion-polypeptide is shown in SEQ ID NO: 33.

Example 3

Generation of BDNF Expression Plasmids

a) Generation of the Expression Plasmid for Wild-Type Pre-Pro-BDNF

The DNA segment coding for human pre-pro-BDNF gene was prepared by chemical synthesis and inserted into the basic expression vector described above. For this purpose, the pre-pro-BDNF gene was ligated with the CMV-promoter at its 5′-end and with the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation sequence at its 3′-end. The amino acid sequence of the wild type pre-pro-BDNF protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 20.

b) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for BDNF Variants

In order to obtain optimal production yield several BDNF variants were constructed (see Table below):

-   -   in some variants the wild-type BDNF signal sequence         (pre-segment) was exchanged by an signal sequence which is         derived from a highly expressed murine immunoglobulin heavy         chain antibody (MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHS);     -   in some variants the codon usage of the encoding BDNF gene was         exchanged to an optimized codon usage in the pro-segment and/or         in the mature part of BDNF; the BDNF genes with optimized codon         usages were obtained by backtranslation of the amino respective         acid sequence using algorithms from Geneart (see e.g. Fath, S.,         et al., PLOS One 6 (2011) e17596);     -   in some variants a T7-His6-tag (SEQ ID NO: 12) was used, since         it is generally believed to enhance protein expression (see e.g.         Luan, C. H., et al., Genome Res. 14 (2004) 2102-2110);     -   in most BDNF variants a His6-tag was included in order to         simplify sample preparation/purification;     -   in some variants the last three C-terminal amino acids, the RGR         motif of mature BDNF, was deleted, since it might function as         cryptic protease cleavage site for proteases like furin or other         PC convertases;     -   in another variant the signal sequence and pro-segment of BDNF         was exchanged by the corresponding amino acid sequence of human         NGF, since it was published that this variation improves         expression for another neurotrophin (Iwane et al., Appl.         Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41 (1994) 225-232).

TABLE 14 use of signal sequence and codon usage BDNF gene/variant pre pro mature (Description of gene/construct features) (BDNF) (BDNF) (BDNF) tag-1 tag-2 pre-pro-BDNF-T7-His6 BDNF wild-type wild-type T7 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6 BDNF wild-type deltaRGR; 1 T7 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-His6, BDNF wild-type optimized, — His6 codon-optimized deltaRGR pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-His6, BDNF optimized optimized, — His6 codon-optimized deltaRGR pre(Ab)-pro-BDNF, antibody; 2 optimized optimized — — pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-His6, BDNF optimized optimized, — His6 codon-optimized deltaRGR pre(Ab)-pro-BDNF antibody; 2 optimized wild-type, — His6 optimized pre(NGF)-pro(NGF)-BDNF NGF; 3 wild-type; wild-type, 1 — His6 NGF; 3 1: C-terminal RGR-motif of BDNF deleted (deltaRGR) 2: signal sequence derived from a highly expressed murine immunoglobulin heavy chain antibody (MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHS) as defined by the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14 3: signal sequence and pro-fragment of BDNF exchanged by corresponding sequence from human NGF c) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for Pre-Pro(IgA)-BDNF and Pre-Pro(IgA; His6) Variants, Partially Including a His6-Tag N-Terminally of Mature BDNF within the Pro-Segment

The pre-pro-(IgA)-BDNF gene codes for a pro-polypeptide variant wherein the naturally occurring furin cleavage site (RVRR) was replaced by the engineered IgA protease cleavage site with the sequence GSVVAPPAP (see Table below).

In addition, in some variants a R54A point mutation was introduced into the pro-polypeptide of BDNF to destroy a putative protease cleavage site (see Mowla, S. J., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 12660-12666). Furthermore, in some variants also a removable His6-tag was included N-terminally of mature BDNF within the pro-fragment. This tag simplifies protein purification of the pro(IgA; His6)-BDNF variant protein. Upon final in vitro protein maturation with IgA protease the pro(IgA; His6 fragment) is removed and, thus, a potential risk of immunogenicity is avoided.

The expression plasmids for the transient expression of the pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF and pre-pro(IgA; His6)-BDNF variant genes/proteins in HEK293 cells are derived from the expression vector described above which encodes for the pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6 protein. They differentiate in the following characteristics:

TABLE 15 BDNF variant R54A protease (Description of construct features) mutation cleavage site His6-tag SEQ ID NO: pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6 no furin C-terminus of 35 (wild-type) BDNF(-RGR) pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(-RGR)-His6 no IgA C-terminus of 43 BDNF(-RGR) pre-pro(His6-R54A-IgA)-BDNF(-RGR) yes IgA within pro(BDNF) 45 pre-pro(His6-R54A)-BDNF(-RGR) yes furin within pro(BDNF) 46 (wild-type) pre-pro(R54A)-BDNF(-RGR)-His6 yes furin C-terminus of 44 (wild-type) BDNF(-RGR)

The numbering of the R54A mutation is based on the amino acid sequence of wildtype pre-pro-BDNF (SEQ ID NO: 20)

d) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for Isoelectric Point Engineered BDNF Variants

Previously some in E. coli expressed and refolded BDNF variants have been described with an engineered lowered IEP. The pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6 gene was mutated accordingly and the mutant BDNF genes obtained transiently expressed in HEK293 cells (sec Table below). In addition, a myc-tagged BDNF variant was constructed, since (I) the myc-tag (EQKLISEEDL; SEQ ID NO: 90) introduces a net charge difference of about −3 and (2) the myc-tag is of human origin and thus supposed to be less immunogenic.

TABLE 16 mutations used calculated IEP for IEP lowering source of of maturated BDNF variant within mature BDNF BDNF(deltaRGR) (description of construct features) BDNF(deltaRGR) mutations tag(s) variant SEQ ID NO: pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6 none wild-type T7, 9.58 35 BDNF His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD; P60E, K65D, 53915428| T7, 8.15 47 P60E, K65D, K73D, K73D, K95A gb|AAU96 His6 K95A)-T7-His6 862.1|; sequence 10 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,701 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD; K65D, K73D, mBDNF: T7, 8.15 48 K65D, K73D, K95A, K95A, R97A 53915427| His6 R97A)-T7-His6 gb|AAU96 861.1| sequence 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,701 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD)- none wild-type myc, 8.83 49 myc-His6 BDNF His6 -RGD and (deltaRGR); deletion of the last 3 C-terminal amino acids of mature BDNF; numbering of amino acid mutations starts at the first amino acid of mature BDNF; the IEP of the matured BDNF(-RGR) variants were calculated using the protein statistic program pepstats from the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS). e) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for BDNF Variants with Additional Glycosylation Sites

BDNF variants were generated which harbor (1) a C-terminal tag containing glycosylation sites or (2) one engineered glycosylation site within the matured BDNF moiety.

The glycosylation tags were deduced from published sequences (e. g. Meder, D., et al., J. Cell Biol. 168 (2005) 303-313; Bulbarelli, A., et al., J. Cell Sci. 115 (2002) 1689-1702; Perlman, S., et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (2003) 3227-3235; WO 2002/002597) and putative N-glycosylation sites were predicted with an artificial neuronal network (NetNglyc server, http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc/).

For introduction of N-glycosylation sites within the maturated BDNF moiety the sequence was inspected for the presence of asparagins, serins or threonins within the matured BDNF sequence. Then, based on the three-dimensional protein structure of human BDNF (lbnd; www.rcsb.org) all non-surface localized Asn, Ser or Thr residues were excluded. For the remaining surface exposed Asn, Ser and Thr residues the adjacent amino acid residues were identified in order to engineer a putative N-glycosylation site (consensus motif: N-X-(S/T), X=any amino acid except Pro) by site-directed mutagenesis. The amino acid position of these putative engineered N-glycosylation sites were used to identify the corresponding amino acids in the structurally and functionally homologous neurotrophins NGF and NT-3 by sequence alignment and protein 3D-structure comparisons. Amino acid positions were excluded that are expected to be part of the neurotrophin::p75NTR or neutrophin::Trk(A, B) interaction interface based on homologous receptor::ligand crystal structures (e.g. 3buk, 3ij2 and 2ifg). Selected mutations for surface-exposed putative N-glycosylation sites outside the putative BDNF-TrkB/p75 interaction interfaces are mentioned in the Table below (second column).

The expression plasmids for the transient expression of N-glycosylated BDNF variant proteins in HEK293 cells are derived from the expression vector coding for the BDNF variant pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6 (-RGR: a truncated mature wild-type BDNF wherein the last 3 C-terminal amino acids RGR are deleted; a T7-tag and a His6-tag is attached to the truncated C-terminus of BDNF via a GSG-linker). The BDNF segments, tags, glycolinkers and mutations introduced for the generation of additional artificial N-glycosylation sites are presented in the following table.

TABLE 17 BDNF variant mutations within mature glycosylation tag further SEQ ID NO (description of construct features) BDNF(deltaRGR) SEQ ID NO: tags (aa sequence): parental construct, none none T7; 35 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- His6 T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- none 15 T7; 36 opsin(S)-T7-His6; His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- none 15 His6 37 opsin(S)-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- none 16 His6 38 opsin(L)-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- none 18 His6 39 glyco-1 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- none 17 His6 40 glyco-2 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- none 19 His6 41 glyco-3 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; M61T none T7; 42 M61T)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; Q79S none T7; 91 Q79S)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; R81N none T7; 89 R81N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; W19N none T7; 92 W19N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; K25N none T7; 93 K25N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; D30N none T7; 94 D30N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; G33N none T7; 95 G33N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; T35N none T7; 96 T35N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; P43N none T7; 97 P43N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; P43N, V42G none T7; 98 P43N, V42G)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; M61S, P60G none T7; 99 M61S, P60G)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; G62N, Y63G none T7; 100 G62N, Y63G)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; Q79T none T7; 101 Q79T)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; W76N none T7; 102 W76N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; M92N none T7; 103 M92N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; D106N none T7; 104 D106N)-T7-His6 His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; T112N none T7; 105 T112N)-T7-His6 His6

SEQ ID NOs for amino acid mutations introduced by site-directed mutagenesis into mature BDNF(deltaRGR) are exemplarily shown for the BDNF variants pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; M61T)-T7-His6 and pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; R81N)-T7-His6.

f) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for BDNF Variants Containing Combined Mutations for the Introduction of Multiple (Two or More) N-Glycosylation Sites and an IgA Cleavage Site

In order to generate BDNF variants with multiple N-glycosylation sites some of the additional N-glycosylation sites identified in previous experiments were combined. The starting construct pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(-RGR)-His6 variant polypeptide is characterized by an IgA protease cleavage site instead of the native furin site within the pro-segment, a C-terminally truncated mature BDNF (deletion of the last 3 amino acids RGR) and a C-terminal His6-tag. The desired mutations and tags were introduced/attached as shown in the Table below.

TABLE 18 BDNF variant (description of additional glycosylation sites SEQ construct G62N, ID features) opsin(L)-tag K25N T35N Y63G Q79T R81N myc-tag NO: parental 43 construct, pre-pro(IgA)- BDNF(-RGR)- His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x 50 BDNF(-RGR; R81N)-opsin(L) pre-pro(IgA)- x 53 BDNF(-RGR; R81N)-His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x x 51 BDNF(-RGR; R81N)-opsin(L)- myc-His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x 52 BDNF(-RGR; R81N)-myc-His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x 54 BDNF(-RGR)- opsin(L)-His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x 55 BDNF(-RGR; K25N)-opsin(L)- His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x 56 BDNF(-RGR; T35N)-opsin(L)- His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x x 57 BDNF(-RGR; K25N, T35N)- opsin(L)-His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x x 58 BDNF(-RGR; K25N, T35N, R81N)-T7-His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x x x 59 BDNF(-RGR; K25N, T35N, Q79T, R81N)-T7- His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x 60 BDNF(-RGR; G62N, Y63G)- opsin(L)-His6 pre-pro(IgA)- x x x x 61 BDNF(-RGR; G62N, Y63G, K25N, T35N)- opsin(L)-His6

g) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for BDNF Variants Containing Combined Mutations for the Introduction of Multiple (Two or More) N-Glycosylation Sites

In order to generate BDNF variants with multiple N-glycosylation sites some of the additional N-glycosylation sites identified in previous experiments were combined. For this purpose the pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)-T7-His6 variant protein characterized by a C-terminally truncated mature BDNF (deletion of the last 3 amino acids RGR) and a C-terminal T7-His6-tag was used as starting material. The desired mutations were inserted as shown in the Table below.

TABLE 19 BDNF variant additional glycosylation sites (description of G62N, SEQ ID NO construct features) K25N T35N Y63G Q79T R81N (aa sequence): parental construct, 35 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)- T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 62 G62N, Y63G, Q79T)- T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 63 T35N, Q79T)-T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 64 K25N, Q79T)-T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x x 65 T35N, G62N, Y63G, Q79T)-T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 106 Q79T, R81N)-T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 66 T35N; G62N; Y63G)- T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 67 K25N; G62N; Y63G)- T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 68 K25N; T35N)-T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x 69 G62N, Y63G, R81N)- T7-His6 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR; x x x 70 K25N; T35N; Q79T)- T7- His6

Example 4

Generation of BDNF Antibody Fragment Fusion-Polypeptides Expression Plasmids

a) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for the BDNF-Fab Antibody Heavy Chain Fusion-Polypeptides

In order to obtain BDNF-(Gly₄Ser)_(a)-Fab(anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain) fusion-polypeptides, plasmids for transient expression in HEK293 cells were constructed which harbored a chemically synthesized DNA fragment of a CDS (coding DNS sequence) coding for polypeptides with the following characteristics:

-   -   the wild-type pre-pro-BDNF moiety deleted for the C-terminal RGR         motif is fused at the C-terminus with a glycine-rich linker         followed by a Fab heavy chain portion (VH-CH1) of the human         anti-IGF-1R antibody and a C-terminal His6-tag;     -   the glycine-rich linker consists of a (G4S)2-GG or a (G4S)4-GG         or a (G4S)6-GG motif (sec Table below).

b) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for the BDNF-Fab Antibody Light Chain Fusion-Polypeptides

In order to obtain BDNF-(Gly₄Ser)_(n)-Fab fusion-polypeptides, plasmids for transient expression in HEK293 cells were constructed which harbored a chemically synthesized DNA fragment of a CDS coding for polypeptides with the following characteristics:

-   -   the wild-type pre-pro-BDNF moiety deleted for the C-terminal RGR         motif is fused at the C-terminus with a glycine-rich linker         followed by the Fab VL-Ckappa light chain domains of the human         anti-IGF-1R antibody and a C-terminal His6 tag;     -   the glycine-rich linker consists of a (G4S)2-GG or a (G4S)4-GG         or a (G4S)6-GG motif (see Table above).

TABLE 20 linker between BDNF-antibody variant, BDNF and Fab Fab fragment SEQ ID NO (description of construct features) fragment (anti-IGF-1R mAB) Tag (aa sequence): pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD)_(G4S)2GG_VL<IGF-1R>-Ck-His6 (G₄S)₂-GG VL-Ckappa His6 71 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD)_(G4S)4GG_VL<IGF-1R>-Ck-His6 (G₄S)₄-GG VL-Ckappa His6 72 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD)_(G4S)6GG_VL<IGF-1R>-Ck-His6 (G₄S)₆-GG VL-Ckappa His6 73 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD)_(G4S)2GG_VH<IGF-1R>-CH1-His6 (G₄S)₂-GG VH-CH1 His6 74 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD)_(G4S)4GG_VH<IGF-1R>-CH1-His6 (G₄S)₄-GG VH-CH1 His6 75 pre-pro-BDNF(-RGD)_(G4S)6GG_VH<IGF-1R>-CH1-His6 (G₄S)₆-GG VH-CH1 His6 76

c) Generation of the Expression Plasmid for the Anti-IGF-1R Antibody Light Chain

The native anti-IGF-1R antibody light chain was used for the generation anti-IGF-1R based BDNF-Fab complexes. The generation of the anti-IGF-1R antibody light chain expression plasmid is described in example 1.

d) Generation of the Expression Plasmid for the BDNF-Fab(Anti-IGF-1R Antibody Heavy Chain) Fusion-Polypeptides Containing a Negatively Charged Gly-Asp Linker

In order to obtain BDNF-(G3D)4-Fab(anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain fusion-polypeptide, a plasmid for transient expression in HEK293 cells was constructed which harbored a chemically synthesized DNA fragment of a CDS coding for the polypeptide with the following characteristics:

-   -   the wild-type pre-pro-BDNF moiety deleted for the C-terminal RGR         motif is fused at the C-terminus with a glycine-rich negatively         charged linker followed by the Fab VH-CH1 heavy chain domains of         the human anti-IGF-1R antibody and a C-terminal His6-tag;     -   the glycine-rich negatively charged linker consists of the         (G3D)4-GGGS motif.

e) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for the BDNF-Fab(Anti-IGF-1R Antibody Heavy Chain) Fusion Proteins Harboring an IgA Cleavage Site within the Pro-BDNF Segment, a Negatively Charted GlyAsp Linker and Multiple N-Glycosylation Sites

In order to obtain pro(IgA)-BDNF-(G3D)4-Fab(anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain fusion-polypeptides with multiple N-glycosylation sites, plasmids for transient expression in HEK293 cells were constructed which harbored a chemically synthesized DNA fragment of a CDS which code for polypeptides with the following characteristics:

-   -   the pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF moiety deleted for the C-terminal RGR         motif of mature BDNF is fused at the C-terminus with the         extended opsin-tag (NGTEGPNFYVPFSNATGVVR; opsin(L); SEQ ID         NO: 16) followed by a negatively charged         glycine-aspartic-acid-rich linker and a Fab heavy chain portion         (VH-CH1, partially extended with the hinge-derived peptide         EPKSC) of the human monoclonal antibody directed against human         insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1R) and a C-terminal His6-tag;     -   the negatively charged glycine-aspartic-acid-rich linker         consists either the (G3D)4-GGGS motif or the (G2D)5-G2SG motif.

The details of the constructs are summarized in the Table below.

TABLE 21 introduced additional linker N-glycosylation sites between origin of BDNF-antibody variant, protease within BDNF Fab heavy hinge (description of construct His- cleavage opsin- BDNF and Fab chain EPKSC SEQ features) tag site tag (deltaRGR) fragment fragment peptide ID NO: pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(- His6 IgA none (G3D)4- <IGF-1R> yes 85 RGR)_(G3D)4- GGGS G3S_VH<IGF-1R>-CH1- EPKSC-His6 pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(-RGR; His6 IgA opsin(L) +R81N GSG-- <IGF-1R> no 86 R81N)_opsin(L)-(G3D)4- opsin(L)- G3S_VH<IGF-1R>-CH1- (G3D)4- His6 GGGS pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(- His6 IgA none (G3D)4- <IGF-1R> no 84 RGR)_(G3D)4- GGGS G3S_VH<IGF-1R>-CH1- His6 pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(-RGR; His6 IgA opsin(L) +R81N GSG- <IGF-1R> no 87 R81N)_opsin(L)-(G2D)5- opsin(L)- G2SG_VH<IGF-1R>- (G2D)5- CH1-His6 G2SG

f) Generation of the Expression Plasmids for the BDNF-Fab(Anti-Transferrin Receptor Antibody Heavy Chain) Fusion-Polypeptides Harboring an IgA Cleavage Site within the Pro-BDNF Segment, a Negatively Charted GlyAsp Linker and Multiple N-Glycosylation Sites

In order to obtain pro(IgA)-BDNF-(G3D)4-Fab(anti-TfR) antibody heavy chain fusion-polypeptides with a negatively charged GlyAsp linker and multiple N-glycosylation sites, plasmids for transient expression in HEK293 cells were constructed which harbored a chemically synthesized DNA fragment of a CDS which code for polypeptides with the following characteristics:

-   -   the pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF moiety deleted for the C-terminal RGR         motif is fused at the C-terminus with the opsin(L)-tag followed         by a negatively charged glycine-aspartic-acid-rich linker and a         chimeric rat/human Fab heavy chain portion wherein the VH         variable domain is derived from the rat 8D3 monoclonal antibody         which is directed against the mouse transferrin receptor (mTfR)         and wherein the CH1 domain is derived from human IgG and a         C-terminal His6-tag; the amino acid sequence of VH domain of the         antibody was obtained from Boado, R J., et al., Biotechnol.         Bioeng. 102 (2009) 1251-1258);     -   the negatively charged glycine-aspartic-acid-rich linker         consists of the (G3D)4-GGGS motif;     -   in most variants the endogenous furin/PC convertase cleavage         site between the pro-segment and the mature part of BDNF was         exchanged by an IgA protease cleavage site (GSVVAPPAP);     -   in some variants the truncated wild-type mature BDNF moiety         (BDNF; deltaRGR) was exchanged by a truncated mature BDNF         variant harboring an artificial R209N glycosylation site         (BDNF(deltaRGR; R209N)).

The details of the constructs are summarized in the Table below.

TABLE 22 introduced additional linker N-glycosylation sites between origin of BDNF-antibody variant, protease BDNF BDNF Fab heavy SEQ ID (description of construct His6- cleavage opsin- (ΔRGR) and Fab chain hinge NO (aa features) tag site tag moiety fragment fragment EPKSC sequence): pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(- His6 IgA none none (G3D)4- <TfR>8D3 yes 107 RGR)_(G3D)4- GGGS G3S_VH<TfR>8D3-CH1- EPKSC-His6 pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(-RGR; His6 IgA opsin R81N GSG- <TfR>8D3 no 81 R81N)_opsin(L)-(G3D)4- (L) opsin(L)- G3S_VH<TfR>8D3-CH1-His6 (G3D)4- GGGS pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(- His6 IgA none none (G3D)4- <TfR>8D3 no 108 RGR)_(G3D)4- GGGS G3S_VH<TfR>8D3-CH1-His6 pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(- none IgA none None (G3D)4- <TfR>8D3 No 109 RGR)_(G3D)4- GGGS G3S_VH<TfR>8D3-CH1 pre-pro(IgA)-BDNF(- His6 IgA opsin none GSG- <TfR>8D3 No 79 RGR)_opsin(L)-(G3D)4- (L) opsin(L)- G3S_VH<TfR>8D3-CH1-His6 (G3D)4- GGGS

Example 6

Generation of the Expression Plasmid for the BDNF-scFv Fusion-Polypeptides

In order to obtain a BDNF(G4S)3-scFv-anti-IGF-1R antibody heavy chain-fusion-polypeptide, a plasmid for transient expression in HEK293 cells was constructed which harbored a chemically synthesized DNA fragment of a CDS which codes for a polypeptide with the following characteristics:

-   -   the wild-type pre-pro-BDNF moiety deleted for the C-terminal RGR         motif is fused at the C-terminus with a (G4S)3 linker followed         by a scFv moiety of the human anti-human IGF-1R antibody;     -   the scFv moiety of the anti-human IGF-JR antibody is build up of         a VL domain, followed by a (G4S)4-GG linker, a VH region and a         His6-tag; the amino acid sequence of the         pre-pro-BDNF(-RGR)_(G4S)3_scFv-His6<IGF-1R>fusion protein is         shown in SEQ ID NO: 78.

Example 7

Transient Expression, Purification and Analytical Characterization of Polypeptides

Transient Expression

The polypeptides were generated by transient transfection of HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney cell line 293-derived) cultivated in F17 Medium (Invitrogen Corp.). For transfection “293-Free” Transfection Reagent (Novagen) was used. The antibody and antibody fragment (Fab and scFv) comprising fusion-polypeptides were expressed from one, two or three different plasmids using an equimolar plasmid ratio upon transfection. Transfections were performed as specified in the manufacturer's instructions. The recombinant polypeptide-containing cell culture supernatants were harvested four to seven days after transfection. Supernatants were stored at reduced temperature until purification.

General information regarding the recombinant expression of human immunoglobulins in e.g. HEK293 cells is given e.g. in Meissner, P., et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 75 (2001) 197-203.

Purification

a) GFP Fusion-Polypeptides were Purified Using a Two-Step Procedure Including a Protein a Chromatography and a Size Exclusion Chromatography on a Superdex 200™ Column

GFP fusion-polypeptide containing culture supernatants were filtered. Thereafter the GFP fusion-polypeptides were captured by affinity chromatography using HiTrap MabSelectSuRe (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with PBS (1 mM KH₂PO₄, 10 mM NaHPO₄, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4). Unbound polypeptides were removed by washing with equilibration buffer, and the fusion-polypeptide was recovered with 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 2.8. Immediately after elution the fractions were neutralized to pH 6.0 with 1 M Tris-base, pH 9.0.

Size exclusion chromatography on Superdex 200™ (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) was used as second purification step. The size exclusion chromatography was performed in 50 mM histidine buffer, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 6.8. The recovered GFP fusion-polypeptides were stored at −80° C.

b) Histidine-Tagged Proteins were Purified Using a Two-Step Protocol Starting with an Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) and Followed by a Size Exclusion Chromatography on a Superdex 75™ Column

The histidine-tagged polypeptide-containing culture supernatants were adjusted with NaCl to a final NaCl concentration of 500 mM. The filtered culture supernatant was loaded onto a Ni-Sepharose™ 6 Fast Flow column pre-equilibrated with a NiA-buffer (50 mM TRIS, 300 mM NaCl, 5 mM imidazole containing an EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail tablet as specified in the manufacturer's instructions; EDTA-free Complete Mini Tablets; Roche Applied Science) at a flow of 1 ml/min using an ÄKTA explorer 100 system (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The column was washed with NiA-buffer until the UV reading reached back close to baseline. The histidine-tagged polypeptide was eluted with a 5 mM to 300 mM linear imidazole gradient in 50 mM TRIS and 500 mM NaCl, pH 8.0 in 10 column volumes.

Size exclusion chromatography on Superdex 75™ (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) was used as second purification step. The size exclusion chromatography was performed in 50 mM histidine buffer, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 6.8. The eluted histidine-tagged proteins were stored at −80° C.

Analytical Characterization

The protein concentrations of the purified polypeptides were determined by measuring the optical density (OD) at 280 nm, using the molar extinction coefficient calculated on the basis of the amino acid sequence. Purity and proper dimer formation of polypeptides were analyzed by SDS-PAGE in the presence and absence of a reducing agent (5 mM 1,4-dithiothreitol) and staining with Coomassie brilliant blue. Aggregate content of the Fc-fusion-polypeptide preparations was determined by high-performance SEC using a Superdex 200™ analytical size-exclusion column (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The integrity of the amino acid backbone of reduced polypeptides was verified by Nano Electrospray QTOF mass spectrometry after removal of N-glycans by enzymatic treatment with a combination of neuraminidase, O-glycanase and peptide-N-glycosidase F (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany).

Determination of the BDNF Concentration in Culture Supernatant

The concentration of wild-type BDNF, BDNF variants and BDNF containing fusion-polypeptides in culture supernatants was determined by semi-quantitative Western Blot analysis using recombinant human BDNF from Peprotech (catalog number: 450-02) as reference standard. A rabbit anti-BDNF antibody (Santa Cruz; catalog number: sc-20981) (first antibody) and a horseradish peroxidase conjugated sheep anti-rabbit antisera (diluted 1:5000, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) (secondary antibody) and enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (LUMI-Light plus Western Blotting substrate, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) was used for staining.

The concentration of BDNF fusion-polypeptides was also determined with a BDNF ELISA using the BDNF Emax® ImmunoAssay Kit from Promega (catalog number: G7610) according to the instructions of the supplier.

Example 8

In Vitro Functional Characterization

Determination of the Biological Activity of Wild-Type GFP and GFP-Containing Fusion-Polypeptides

The biological activity of purified wild-type GFP and GFP-containing fusion-polypeptides was monitored by its bioluminescent properties (GFP-specific fluorescence).

Determination of the BDNF Binding Affinity Via Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR, BIAcore)

Amine coupling of around 750 resonance units (RU) of a capturing system (capturing mAb specific for human IgG, Jackson Immunoresearch) was performed on a CM5 chip at pH 4.5 using an amine coupling kit according to the manufacturer's manual (supplied by GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). Human Fc-tagged TrkB (R&D Systems, catalog number: 688-TK-100) was captured at a concentration of 5 μg/ml. Excess binding sites were blocked by injecting a human Fe mixture at a concentration of 1.25 μM (Biodesign, catalog number: 50175). Different concentrations of BDNF containing fusion-polypeptides ranging from 0.1 nM to 50 nM were passed with a flow rate of 10 μL/min through the flow cells at 298 K for 120 to 240 sec. The dissociation phase was monitored for up to 600 sec and triggered by switching from the sample solution to running buffer. The surface was regenerated by 1 min washing with a 100 mM phosphoric acid solution at a flow rate of 30 L/min. For all experiments HBS-P+ buffer supplied by GE Healthcare was chosen (10 mM HEPES ((4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid)), pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% (v/v) Surfactant P20).

Bulk refractive index differences were corrected for by subtracting the response obtained from a blank-coupled surface. Blank injections are also subtracted (double referencing).

The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), defined as ka/kd, was determined by analyzing the sensorgram curves obtained with several different concentrations, using BIAevaluation 4.1 software package. The fitting of the data followed a suitable binding model.

Determination of the BDNF Binding Affinity Via ELISA

The binding properties of BDNF-containing fusion proteins were determined with a TrkB ELISA. Maxisorb plates were coated with 1 μg/mL of a TrkB-Fc fusion (R&D Systems) in PBS overnight at 4° C. After blocking the plate with PBSTC (PBS with 0.05% Tween-20 and 2% Chicken serum (Gibco)) for 1 h at RT and three washes with PBST, BDNF-containing fusion proteins or BDNF alone were added to the wells at concentrations of 15 to 500 ng/mL in PBSTC and incubated for 2 h at RT. After six washes, the wells were incubated with mouse-anti-BDNF antibody (clone 4F11.1A1, 1 μg/mL in PBSTC) and, after further washes, with anti-mouse-HRP antibody (1:10000 in PBSTC), both for 1 h at RT. After three washes with PBST, HRP activity was detected using ABTS substrate and photometric quantification at a wavelength of 492 nm.

Determination of the Biological Activity of BDNF Containing Fusion Proteins Via a TrkB Reporter Gene Assay

The biological activity of BDNF variants and BDNF-containing fusion proteins was determined with a TrkB-transfected CHO cell line containing a stably transfected luciferase reporter gene under the control of a SRE (serum-response element)-containing-promoter (CHO-K1-hTrkB/pSRE-Luc). The day before the experiments cell medium was changed from growth medium (Ham's F12 containing 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 300 μg/mL G418 and 3 μg/mL puromycin) to the same medium without FCS for starvation. The next day, 10⁵ cells were seeded per well of a 96-well plate in 50 μL medium, then BDNF fusion proteins were added at concentrations between 0.02 nM and 115 nM, in 50 μL medium. After incubation for 4 h at 37° C., 7.5% CO₂, cells were equilibrated for 30 min at RT and 100 μL of BrightGlo Luciferase Assay reagent (Promega) was added per well. Luminescence was read out after 5 minutes incubation using a Tecan plate reader (integration time 100 ms).

Determination of the Biological Activity of BDNF Containing Fusion Proteins in a SH-SY5Y Neurite Outgrowth Assay

The biological activity of BDNF variants and BDNF-containing fusion proteins was determined with a neurite outgrowth assay using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Briefly, SH-SY5Y cells were plated in a 96-well plate at 4000 cells per well in normal growth medium (Ham's F12, 1×non-essential amino acids (PAN), 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1×sodium pyruvate (PAN)) under addition of 10 μM retinoic acid (Sigma) to induce neuronal differentiation. After three days, medium was replaced with growth medium containing different concentrations of BDNF fusion proteins. After three additional days, cells were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 min. at RT, washed, briefly permeabilized (0.1% Triton-X-100), blocked with 1% BSA in PBS and stained for anti-beta-tubulin immunoreactivity using the TuJ1 antibody (Covance) at a dilution of 1:1000 in PBS/i % BSA, followed by three washes and incubation with a Alexa-488-labeled anti-goat antibody (Invitrogen). Numbers of neurites were determined by fluorescence microscopy, evaluating one visual field per well.

Determination of the Binding Activity of an Antibody/Antibody Fragment Containing Fusion Proteins Via FACS

The binding activity of BDNF fusion proteins to the respective target receptors (transferrin receptor, IGF-1R) was determined by FACS. Cells expressing the respective receptor (mouse transferrin receptor: MEF-1 mouse embryonal fibroblasts; IGF-1R: 3T3 fibroblasts stably transfected with human IGF-1R) were harvested from their growth media, washed with PBS, and resuspended in FACS buffer (PBS+5% FCS; 100 μL containing 3×10⁵ cells per well of 96-well round-bottom plate). Primary antibody (depending on the BDNF fusion protein used, e.g., anti-human-Fab (Jackson ImmunoRescarch) or anti-His6 antibody (Roche)) was added at 1-10 μg/mL and cells incubated for two hours on ice. After three washes with FACS buffer, bound antibody was detected using PE-labeled secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:5000-1:10000) for one hour on ice. Cells were washed again and mean fluorescence measured on a FACS Canto cytometer (Becton-Dickinson). 

1. A method for producing a recombinant polypeptide using a variant pro-polypeptide comprising the following steps: cultivating a mammalian cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide as pro-polypeptide (fusion polypeptide of a pro-segment and the polypeptide) wherein the endogenous enzymatic cleavage site between the pro-segment and the polypeptide is replaced by an exogenous protease cleavage site, recovering the recombinant variant polypeptide or the variant pro-polypeptide from the cell or the cultivation medium and thereby producing the recombinant polypeptide.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the exogenous protease cleavage site is selected from the group comprising a plasmin cleavage site, a furin cleavage site, an IgA protease cleavage site, a TEV protease cleavage site (Tobacco Etch Virus), a Granzyme B cleavage site, a Thrombin cleavage site, a factor 10 cleavage site, an Enterokinase cleavage site, a subtilisin cleavage site, a cathepsin cleavage site, a metallo proteinase cleavage site, an IDES protease cleavage site, a PreScission protease cleavage site, or functional variants thereof.
 3. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the cleavage of the pro-polypeptide is during purification of the polypeptide.
 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the exogenous protease is IgA protease.
 5. A method for producing a fusion-polypeptide comprising the following steps: cultivating a mammalian cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a variant fusion-polypeptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the fusion-polypeptide has been modified by replacing in a pro-fusion-polypeptide the endogenous protease cleavage site between the pro-segment and the fusion-polypeptide with an exogenous (with respect to the origin(s) of the parts of the fusion-polypeptide) or artificial protease cleavage site, recovering the fusion-polypeptide or pro-fusion-polypeptide from the cell or the cultivation medium and thereby producing the (recombinant) fusion-polypeptide.
 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the fusion-polypeptide comprises a biologically active entity, a linker peptide, and a monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood-brain-barrier (BBB) receptor.
 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the linker peptide comprises one or more negatively charged amino acid residues.
 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that polypeptide is a neurotrophic factor. 